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The Kwa languages, often specified as New Kwa, are a proposed but as-yet-undemonstrated family of languages spoken in the south-eastern part of Ivory Coast, across southern Ghana, and in central Togo. The Kwa family belongs to the Niger-Congo phylum. The name was introduced in 1895 by Gottlob Krause and derives from the word for 'people' ( Kwa) in many of these languages, as illustrated by Akan names. This branch consists of around 50 different languages spoken by about 25 million people. Some of the largest Kwa languages are Ewe language, Akan language and Baule language.
The various clusters of languages included in Kwa are at best distantly related, and it has not been demonstrated that they are closer to each other than to neighboring Niger–Congo languages.:
"except at the lower levels of classification such as the Tano, Potou–Tano, and Ewe-Fon (Gbe) groups, genetic relationships among these languages are quite distant. It has never been adequately demonstrated using the comparative method that Akan, Ga, Ewe, and the Togo Mountain languages are more closely related to one another than to any other languages."
Stewart1989, slightly revised in Blench & Williamson 2000:29 distinguished the following major branches, which historical-comparative analysis supports as valid groups:
Since Stewart, Ega has been tentatively removed, the Gbe languages reassigned to Volta–Niger, and Apro language added. Some of the Na-Togo and Ka-Togo languages have been placed into separate branches of Kwa.Williamson & Blench 2000:29 See the infobox at right for the resulting branches.
Ethnologue divides the Kwa languages into two broad geographical groupings: Nyo and Left bank, but this is not a genealogical classification. The Nyo group collapses Stewart's Potou–Tano and Ga–Dangme branches and also includes the ungrouped languages of southern Ivory Coast, while the Ka/Na-Togo and Gbe languages are called Left bank because they are spoken to the east of the Volta River.
In 1952 Westermann and Bryan expanded Kwa to the various Lagoon languages of southern Ivory Coast and to what are now called the Volta–Niger languages of southern Nigeria. Joseph Greenberg (1963) added the Kru languages of Liberia, the Ghana–Togo Mountain languages which Westermann and Bryan had specifically excluded, and Ijoid languages of the Niger delta; West Kwa included the languages from Liberia to Dahomey (Republic of Benin), and East Kwa the languages of Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) proposed that the Defoid languages and Igboid languages belonged in Benue–Congo rather than in Kwa. Stewart (1989) removed Kru, Ijaw, and Volta–Niger (East Kwa), but kept the Ghana–Togo Mountain and Lagoon languages, as well as adding a few obscure, newly described languages. Stewart's classification is the basis of more recent conceptions. To disambiguate this from Greenberg's influential classification, the reduced family is sometimes called "New Kwa".
| *n-tû |
| nu⁵ |
| nu |
| ɲù |
| *-ju |
| *-cu |
| n-su |
| *ɲ-ču |
| n̥zɥe |
| n̥du |
| n̥zɔ |
| n̥tʃwɛ |
| n̥su |
| õdu |
| midʒ |
| midʒi |
| sø |
| n̥ʃi |
| ɛsɔ̃ |
| mindi |
| nrɪ̃ |
| aɗú |
| túmú |
| nkaw; nkwõ |
| nsu |
| *-tsĩ |
| líɔfɔ |
| kɛfɔ |
| kɛfɔ |
| kɛfɔ̄ |
| kífɔ̄ |
| èwó |
| emewó |
| òwō |
| (e)wo |
| ɔ̀síɔsí (litː hand hand) |
| ōwóé |
| ewó |
| àwò |
| wǒ |
| òwó |
| ēwó |
| tə̀ |
| tə |
| tʰi |
| ɔ̀wú |
| ìd͡ʒo |
| kùwà |
| ǹnɛ̀ |
| ń̩díɔ̀ |
| lɛ̂w |
| kɛ̃̋ŋ |
| ɲɔ̀ŋmá |
| ɲɔ̃̀ŋ͡mã́ (plural formː ɲĩ̀ŋ͡mĩ́) |
| fò |
| tɘ̄b |
| lèèvù |
| ìwéó |
| lèfòsì |
| lèfósì |
| lèfósì |
| uɖú |
| uɖú |
| du |
| dú |
| (e)dú |
| búɾú |
| búlú |
| blú |
| bʊ́lʊ́ |
| bùnlù |
| bulú |
| eburú |
| kúdú |
| ídú |
| dúdu |
| ɡuidou |
| kùdú |
| ídú |
| kúdú |
| ɡúdú |
| ɪ̀-dú |
| ìdù |
| ìdû |
| ìdú |
| dú |
| du |
| óblún |
|
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